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欧盟精细化数据立法下的数据保护与流通
网络安全与数据治理
何润韬
中国人民公安大学
摘要: 近年来欧盟数据领域的立法重点产生了一定的价值转向,欧盟法作为大陆法系的重要组成部分与我国法律体系一脉相承。研究欧盟数据立法进程所彰显的法治精神和价值导向对于我国数据治理工作具有一定借鉴意义。以欧盟有关数据治理的宪章、公约、条约、战略、法律与法案为分析文本,对欧盟系列规范性文本进行共时性与历时性的双维度研究以厘清其立法思路演变与路径选择。在研究过程中发现欧盟对于数据这一新型生产要素在被纳入法律视野中后而产生的数据权这一概念存在着从传统人格权向财产权的认知转变,进而梳理出欧盟从传统的数据保护转向数据流通与赋能的立法嬗变趋势,并得出对我国数据治理的三点启示:数据战略建构应追求结构体系化、数据权利创设应考虑利益多元化和数据流通模式设计应遵循场景类型化。
中图分类号:D92.172文献标识码:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2024.04.010
引用格式:何润韬.欧盟精细化数据立法下的数据保护与流通[J].网络安全与数据治理,2024,43(4):61-66.
Data protection and circulation under EU delicate data legislation
He Runtao
People′s Public Security University of China
Abstract: In recent years, the legislative focus of the EU data field has produced a value shift in a certain way, and EU law, as an important part of the civil law system, is in line with China′s legal system. The study of the spirit of the rule of law and the value orientation demonstrated by the EU data legislation process has certain referencing significance for China′s data governance. Based on the EU charters, conventions, treaties, strategies, laws and bills on data governance as the analysis text, this paper conducts a dual dimensional study featuring synchronicity and diachrony of the EU series of normative texts to clarify their legislative philosophy and path choices. During the research process, it is found that the European Union has a cognitive shift from traditional personality right to property right regarding the concept of data right, which arises from the inclusion of data as a new type of production factor from legal perspective,which has led to the EU legislative evolution trend from traditional data protection to data flow and empowerment. Besides,three inspirations concerning data governance in China have been concluded, which are the systematization of the construction of data strategy , the diversification of interests of the creation of data right and the typification of the design of data circulation models.
Key words : personal data protection; data value circulation; General Data Protection Regulation; Data Act

引言

欧盟立法思路往往折射出本体主义思想[1],以基本人权保护作为立法的基本价值取向。近年来,被称为“史上最严”的《通用数据保护条例》的出台反映出大数据时代欧盟将数据人格化的立场表达。《通用数据保护条例》落地一周年之际,美国信息技术和创新基金会发布报告《What the Evidence Shows About the Impact of the GDPR After One Year》[2]表明其并未达到理论立法阶段的许多预期目标。为了实现欧洲数据单一市场这一宏观目标,欧盟于2020年提出了“欧盟数据战略”主张,这一主张标志着欧盟对待个人数据和非个人数据的价值转向。欧盟当局对待数据的态度趋于理性,认识到海量数据背后蕴含着巨大价值与潜能,进而将立法着眼点从数据保护转向了数据流通。1问题的提出随着信息通信技术的发展,人类活动空间从物理空间向虚拟空间不断拓展。一方面,数据是人类利用信息通信技术进行社会交往活动的产物、记录与媒介,其能够反映社会人的个人信息与社会信息,故其本身具有隐私或个人信息的色彩。另一方面,数据由于需要通过必要的劳动才得以被创造,故其本身具有财产的特性[3]。


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作者信息:

何润韬

(中国人民公安大学,北京100038)


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