基于HSP50214B PDC的数字解调模块的设计与应用
2008-05-30
作者：史英春， 钟子发， 叶春逢
摘 要： 介绍了HSP50214B数字下变频" title="下变频">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" 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title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" 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title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" title="下变频器">下变频器" 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关键词： 解调 数字下变频 HSP50214B
在数字式接收系统中，A/D转换器的采样频率" title="采样频率">采样频率一般都在中频以上，因此采样速率较高。在此采样频率上，仅仅靠 DSP难以完成实时接收、存储、解调与分离等任务。当前广泛采用的方法是直接使用硬件完成数字下变频，即用数字下变频器将高速数据流变成当前DSP可实时处理的中低速数据流。基于这种思想，设计了一种基于下变频器的数字解调模块。该模块采用数字下变频器HSP50214B进行下变频，经过抽取、滤波、降低数据率，将下变频后的数据送至TMS320C5409 DSP，完成数字解调功能。此方案结构简单、处理方式灵活，非常适用于载波频率、符号速率和调制样式可变的无线电接收系统。
1 HSP50214B简介
1.1 HSP50214B的功能描述
HSP50214B是Harris(1999年8月后更名为Intersil)公司推出的成熟和典型的数字下变频器，能将中频采样信号转换为基带采样信号，其功能包括：频率变换、抽取、滤波整形。其中，频率变换功能由正交混频器完成，抽取和滤波功能则由CIC抽取滤波器" title="抽取滤波器">抽取滤波器、HB抽取滤波器、255阶FIR抽取滤波器、HB内插(Interpolation)滤波器等级联" title="级联">级联完成。除了上述功能外，HSO50214B还能完成自动增益控制、片内和片间的同步控制、载波和码元跟踪以及部分常规信号的解调等功能。该芯片可以直接和DSP相连，传递控制信号、状态信息及基带数据。
1.2 HSP50214B的结构与原理
HSP50214B由同步电路、输入模块、输入电平检测、变频模块(正交混频与数控振荡器)、CIC(Cascaded Integrator Comb)抽取滤波器、HB(Half Band)抽取滤波器、255阶可编程FIR滤波器、自动增益控制器(AGC)、重采样与HB内插滤波器、定时数控振荡器、笛卡儿坐标与极坐标变换器、鉴频(幅)模块和输出模块等十三个功能模块组成，功能框图如图1所示。
量化后的数字中频信号进入下变频器后，经过两个乘法器和复正弦信号产生器产生的正交正弦信号相乘。相乘结果作为I、Q两路信号，此时采样频率fs并没有发生改变。两路信号分别经一组级联的低通滤波器滤波并完成抽取后变为基带信号，这就是下变频抽取过程。此时，信号采样率变为fs/M，其中M为级联的抽取因子。整个下变频器的核心部件为级联的抽取滤波器，在HSP50214B中它是可编程的。
1.3 HSP50214B的主要特性
HSP50214B具有14位的输入分辨率和16位的输出分辨率，前端处理速度CLKIN达到65MS/s，后端处理速度PROCLK达到55MS/s；32位的可编程载频数控振荡器可用于信道分选、载波跟踪及符号跟踪；总抽取率达4～16384，由于有了重采样级，抽取因子可以是非整数；输出低通带宽982kHz时，输出采样率可达12.94MＳ/s；具有串行、并行和FIFO等多种16位输出模式；笛卡儿坐标(I、Q)到极坐标(
，arctan(Q/I))变换和鉴频(幅)等可用于AM、CW、FM、SSB、FSK、PSK等信号的解调。
2 基于HSP50214B的数字解调模块的设计
2.1 数字解调模块的原理框图及工作原理
数字解调模块原理框图如图2所示。该模块采用TI公司的TMS320C5409 DSP芯片作为处理器，充分利用HSP50214B的灵活配置功能，结合外围电路构成DSP应用系统。
模拟中频信号经A/D转换器采样(采样频率可编程，最高采样速率达65MHz，12bit)后送入HSP50214B进行混频、滤波、抽取整形等处理。对于AM、CW、FM信号，可以直接通过HSP50214B片内鉴幅、鉴相模块进行解调，再通过串口输出至D/A转换器，得到语音输出；对于其他调制信号，如SSB、FSK、PSK、QPSK等，HSP50214B将下变频后的I、Q基带信号通过并口送入BI-FIFO(2KB)，然后DSP通过FIFO中断方式将数据从BI-FIFO读入，进行解调处理。数字解调模块通过PCI总线与主机进行通信，传输解调结果和控制命令等。
2.2 HSP50214B的接口设计及配置
HSP50214B共有256个32位的寄存器。DSP通过HSP50214B的微处理器接口(u口)对内部寄存器参数进行设置。HSP50214B与TMS320C5409 DSP的接口电路如图3所示。
DSP采用间接寻址的方式通过数据总线C[7:0]，设置HSP50214B的256个寄存器参数。在写入过程中，寄存器的参数为32位，而数据总线只有8位，在写入32位数据时，需将数据通过C[7:0] ，按照字节的高低顺序，分四次写入到四个8位保持寄存器中。在进行寄存器参数设置时，不但要给定参数还要指定寄存器地址(1～256)，该地址紧跟着参数被写入到一个8位的寄存器中。A[2:0]决定数据总线C[7:0]数据写入的地址(000－保持寄存器1，001－保持寄存器2，010－保持寄存器3，011－保持寄存器4，100－地址寄存器)。
在写入寄存器地址时，触发电路产生脉冲和同步时钟来装载寄存器的参数。图4给出了装载寄存器数据的时序。C[7:0]中的数据和A[2:0]中映射的地址在
的上升沿写入PDC，并且锁存至寄存器中，此时A[2:0] =100。值得注意的是，在写完一个控制字后，必须等待四个处理时钟才可以写下一个控制字，以保证上一个控制字的正确传输。
该数字解调模块可以对不同中频输出信号在接收前端实现解调分析功能。应用中可根据实际的需求，设置各寄存器的参数，包括CIC、AGC、串并口、输出格式、滤波器的系数等。模块上电时，DSP在进行初始化的过程中将各寄存器的参数设置到HSP50214B的目的寄存器中。该数字解调模块可以实现前端高速采样、灵活的下变频设置和DSP的软解调功能，可以对不同调制方式实现灵活解调分析，具有适应性强、软件升级方便等特点。
由于HSP50214B配置的灵活性和DSP良好的可编程性，该解调模块可以通过编程实现各种调制信号的解调分析，实验验证了该模块可以适用于不同的无线接收系统。
3 数字解调模块在数字监测接收系统中的应用
数字监测接收系统主要完成指定波段内广播信号和电台信号的快速搜索和监测功能，以便及时发现非法广播信号和电台信号，为实施干扰提供情报支援。
系统主要由接收天线、宽带射频接收、宽带数据采集卡、窄带射频接收、窄带解调处理和PC终端处理显示等六部分组成。宽带射频接收部分通过对指定波段的扫描，实现全景接收；窄带射频接收部分和窄带解调处理部分根据终端下达的指令，完成指定频点的监测分析和解调功能；PC终端处理显示部分完成数据的终端处理、显示和存储管理等。宽带射频接收模块输出10.7MHz的中频信号，瞬时带宽1MHz；窄带射频接收模块输出1.4MHz的中频信号。窄带解调处理模块是文中所述的基于HSP50214B和TMS320C5409 DSP的解调模块，在窄带分析处理中承担着数字下变频和完成解调功能的任务。系统功能组成框图如图5所示。
解调处理模块对窄带接收的中频信号进行采集处理，并将解调分析后的数据通过PCI总线传送至PC终端进行显示、管理(频谱、调制样式、带宽、调制度、电平等)。对于AM、CW、FM信号，可通过其串口输出解调后的话音信息。
现以在短波波段接收的调幅信号分析为例，给出解调模块中HSP50214B的配置和解调分析结果。
HSP50214B配置的主要参数：采样频率为64MHz/16＝4MHz，载波数控振荡器N=(1.4/4)×232、相位偏移＝ 0，CIC抽取因子D=16、Gain=5，半带滤波HB1和HB3打开、抽取因子为2×2＝4，FIR抽头数为50，低通滤波带宽为8kHz，抽取因子为1，插值半带滤波旁通。输出的速率为4MHz/16/4=62.5kHz。串口输出信号的幅度，D/A转换后输出语音信号；并口输出下变频后的I、Q两路数据至DSP进行频谱分析并将结果向上传送。图6所示为一个AM信号分析结果，包括调幅度、带宽、调制样式、频谱瀑布图显示等。
数字下变频器在数字信号处理中有着重要的地位，它在软件无线电、蜂窝基站以及CDMA中应用广泛。HSP50214B提供了灵活的可编程特性，利用它可以方便地设计出能够实时处理多种通信信号的接收机。本文设计的基于HSP50214B的数字解调模块正是利用此特性，配合DSP，可以灵活解调各种调制方式的通信信号，适用性强。可以预见，随着软件无线电和各种用途的电子信息接收系统的发展，其应用前景非常广阔。
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