中图分类号：TP393文献标志码：ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2026.05.001 中文引用格式：陈倩怡，苏马婧，陈紫璇，等. 基于大语言模型的HTTP/HTTPS网络资产设备类型识别方法［J］.网络安全与数据治理，2026，45（5）：1-10. 英文引用格式：Chen Qianyi, Su Majing, Chen Zixuan, et al. Device type identification of HTTP/HTTPS network asset based on large language models［J］.Cyber Security and Data Governance，2026，45（5）：1-10.
Device type identification of HTTP/HTTPS network asset based on large language models
Chen Qianyi1, Su Majing1,2, Chen Zixuan1,2, Zhang Yongqi1,2, Ma Yan1,2
1.National Computer System Engineering Research Institute of China; 2.China Information Security Research Institute Co., Ltd.
Abstract： To address the limited generalization ability of traditional network asset identification methods based on static fingerprint rules and discriminative models in complex and open environments, this paper proposes an HTTP/HTTPS network asset device type identification method based on instruction fine-tuning of a large language model. A multi-source data collection scheme with multi-platform label aggregation is designed to construct the original network asset dataset. A data preprocessing strategy that prioritizes key feature retention is applied to reduce redundant noise in model inputs. Multiple heterogeneous features, including HTTP/HTTPS response bodies, response headers, SSL certificates, ports, and protocols, are further integrated to construct a unified serialized representation. Based on this representation, the LoRA technique is employed to perform parameter-efficient fine-tuning on the LLaMA.3.8B.Instruct model, enabling the model to learn the semantic associations between network asset characteristics and device types. Experimental results on a test dataset containing 380 000 real-world network assets demonstrate that the proposed method maintains stable performance under highly imbalanced samples and long-tail device scenarios, achieving a Weighted F1.score of 0.959 1, which significantly outperforms the unfine-tuned base model. In addition, the model inference throughput is improved by 62.81%. These results verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method for large-scale automated network asset device identification.
Key words : network asset identification; large language models; instruction tuning; multi-source heterogeneous features
