基于RS-485总线架构的古树监测终端设计
集成电路应用
谭开勇,李坤梅
重庆健康职业学院
摘要： 针对古树监测领域传感器与终端采用PCB直连或定制接口导致装卸不便、更换或升级需修改固件的问题，该文设计了一种基于RS-485总线架构的古树监测终端。该终端以STM32为主控，通过RS-485集线器扩展多路标准接口，统一采用Modbus协议，并设计四级防护电路和屏蔽策略以增强抗干扰能力；同时提出波特率扫描算法、地址轮询与特征匹配识别机制、安全校验与特征冲突判定以及地址分配算法，实现传感器自动识别与动态接入。实验结果表明，100 m总线长度下通信成功率不低于99.2%，传感器更换综合识别率达到94.17%，节点修复时间由1小时缩短至10分钟。该终端实现了传感器即插即用与免固件烧写，显著提升了系统的扩展性和维护性，有效降低了监测设备部署与维护成本。
中图分类号：TP368.1文献标识码：ADOI:10.19339/j.issn.1674-2583.2026.010.005
中文引用格式：谭开勇,李坤梅. 基于RS-485总线架构的古树监测终端设计［J］.集成电路应用，2026，43（10）：27-32.
英文引用格式：Tan Kaiyong，Li Kunmei. Design of ancient tree monitoring terminal based on RS-485 bus architecture［J］.Application of IC，2026，43（10）：27-32.
中文引用格式：谭开勇,李坤梅. 基于RS-485总线架构的古树监测终端设计［J］.集成电路应用，2026，43（10）：27-32.
英文引用格式：Tan Kaiyong，Li Kunmei. Design of ancient tree monitoring terminal based on RS-485 bus architecture［J］.Application of IC，2026，43（10）：27-32.
Design of ancient tree monitoring terminal based on RS-485 bus architecture
Tan Kaiyong，Li Kunmei
School of Public Administration
Abstract： Aiming at the problems that the sensors and terminals in the field of ancient tree monitoring are directly connected by PCB or have customized interfaces, which causes inconvenience in loading and unloading, and requires firmware modification for replacement or upgrade, this paper designs an ancient tree monitoring terminal based on the RS-485 bus architecture. This terminal takes STM32 as the main control, expands multiple standard interfaces through a RS-485 hub, uniformly adopts the Modbus protocol, and designs a four-level protection circuit and shielding strategy to enhance the anti-interference capability. At the same time, the baud rate scanning algorithm, address polling and feature matching recognition mechanism, security verification and feature conflict determination, as well as address allocation algorithm are proposed to achieve automatic sensor identification and dynamic access. The experimental results showed that under a 100-meter bus length, the communication success rate was no less than 99.2%, the comprehensive recognition rate of sensor replacement reached 94.17%, and that the node repair time was shortened from 1 hour to 10 minutes. This terminal enabled plug-and-play of sensors and no firmware burning, significantly enhancing the system’s scalability and maintainability, and effectively reducing the deployment and maintenance cost of monitoring equipment.
Key words : ancient tree monitoring terminal； RS-485 bus； sensor automatic identification； plug and play； anti-interference design
引言
古树作为自然与文化资源，具有重要的生态、历史价值［1］。随着树龄增长，古树对环境日益敏感，环境的波动可能对其健康构成威胁［2］，因此对古树环境实时监测具有重要意义［3］。
物联网技术因全面感知、可靠传输、智能处理等优势，被广泛应用于古树监测领域。王春玲等人（2015）［4］基于RFID与ZigBee技术实现了古树温湿度监控与防盗报警；尹小俊等人（2016）［5］利用ZigBee与GPRS构建了古树环境监测系统；林勇等人（2023）［6］将5G边缘计算与AI技术引入古树管理；王发亮等人（2021）［7］结合物联网与GIS搭建了智慧园林系统；韩波等人（2023）［8］将RFID用于古树档案库房管理。上述研究在系统架构、数据传输与管理平台等方面取得了进展，但存在共性问题：传感器与终端之间采用PCB直连或定制接口，导致装卸不便、更换或升级时需修改固件，系统扩展性与维护性较差［9-10］。
为此，本文提出基于RS485总线架构的古树监测终端。其统一物理接口与通信协议，实现设备即插即用，更换时无需修改固件，旨在提升系统扩展性与维护性。
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作者信息：
谭开勇,李坤梅
(重庆健康职业学院，重庆402360)
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